Convert text to upper, lower, sentence or title case, following AP, APA or Chicago rules, or turn a phrase into camelCase, snake_case and other programming styles.
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Title case is not "capitalize every word"
Most converters capitalize the first letter of every word and call it title case. None of the major style guides ask for that. All of them keep small words lowercase in the middle of a title, and they disagree about exactly which words count as small:
| Style | Lowercase in the middle of a title | Used by |
|---|---|---|
| Chicago | Articles, and/but/for/or/nor, and every preposition regardless of length | Books, most publishers, many blogs |
| AP | Articles, and conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer | News organizations, press releases, marketing |
| APA | Articles, and conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer | Academic writing in psychology, education and the social sciences |
The difference shows up with longer prepositions. "The war between the states" becomes The War between the States in Chicago and The War Between the States in AP and APA. In every style the first and last words are always capitalized, as is the first word after a colon, so a subtitle starts with a capital.
Each part of a hyphenated compound is treated as its own word, giving State-of-the-Art. Words that already contain a capital after their first letter, such as acronyms and brand names, are left untouched.
Sentence case
Sentence case capitalizes only the first word of each sentence, plus proper nouns. It is increasingly the default for headings in software and on the web: the Microsoft and Google developer style guides both recommend it for headings, because it reads faster and avoids arguments about which words to capitalize. APA also uses sentence case for the titles of articles and books in a reference list.
A converter cannot know which words are proper nouns, so after converting, check names of people, places and products. The converter does restore the pronoun "I" automatically.
Programming cases
Code cannot have spaces in a name, so each language community settled on a way to join words. Using the conventional one makes code easier for others to read, and some tools depend on it.
| Case | Example | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| camelCase | firstName | Variables and functions in JavaScript, Java and Swift; JSON keys from many APIs |
| PascalCase | FirstName | Classes, types and React components; most names in C# |
| snake_case | first_name | Python and Ruby variables and functions; database columns |
| kebab-case | first-name | URLs, CSS class names, file names, command-line flags |
| CONSTANT_CASE | FIRST_NAME | Constants and environment variables |
| dot.case | first.name | Configuration keys, Java package names, logging fields |
The converter splits on spaces, punctuation and existing case boundaries, and it knows that a run of capitals is an acronym, so getHTTPResponse becomes get_http_response rather than get_h_t_t_p_response. Each line is converted separately, so you can paste a whole list of names at once.
The fun ones
tOGGLE cASE flips every letter, SpOnGeBoB cAsE randomizes them for the mocking meme, and Zalgo stacks combining accent marks on each character until the text appears to bleed off the line. Zalgo text is valid Unicode, but it can overlap neighboring lines, and screen readers read every mark aloud, so keep it out of anything that needs to be accessible.
